Karakterisasi Variabilitas Genetik Kedelai Pada Kondisi Tanah Masam Berdasarkan Karakter Morfologis dan Agronomis

Desfal Triati, Patimah Anjelina, Nadiya Pirhat

Abstract


Tanah masam merupakan salah satu kendala utama dalam peningkatan produktivitas kedelai di wilayah tropis karena rendahnya ketersediaan hara dan tingginya toksisitas aluminium. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji variabilitas genetik, variabilitas fenotipik, dan heritabilitas arti luas beberapa karakter morfologis dan agronomis kedelai pada kondisi tanah masam (pH ±4,5), serta mengidentifikasi karakter seleksi potensial untuk pengembangan varietas adaptif. Percobaan dilaksanakan di Kecamatan Pulau Punjung, Kabupaten Dharmasraya, Sumatera Barat, menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan empat varietas kedelai (Grobogan, Dena 1, Deja 1, dan Dering 1) dan tiga ulangan. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap karakter kualitatif dan kuantitatif tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakter kualitatif relatif stabil dan dikendalikan oleh gen mayor, sehingga tidak dipengaruhi secara nyata oleh kondisi tanah masam. Karakter kuantitatif menunjukkan respons yang beragam antar genotipe. Karakter pertumbuhan vegetatif, seperti tinggi tanaman dan jumlah cabang, memiliki variabilitas genetik dan heritabilitas rendah, menandakan dominasi pengaruh lingkungan. Sebaliknya, karakter komponen hasil, khususnya jumlah polong berisi per tanaman dan bobot 100 biji, menunjukkan variabilitas genetik dan heritabilitas tinggi, yang mengindikasikan kuatnya pengendalian genetik dan stabilitas ekspresi pada tanah masam. Dengan demikian, karakter komponen hasil berpotensi dijadikan kriteria seleksi utama dalam pemuliaan kedelai adaptif pada lahan masam.

 

Kata kunci: Kedelai, Tanah masam, Variabilitas genetik, Heritabilitas, Seleksi varietas


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.35308/jal.v12i1.14694

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