Determinants of Stunting in Children Under Five: A Literature Review

talitha alma zerlina

Abstract


Background: Stunting is a chronic growth disorder in young children caused by long-term malnutrition, which affects not only physical growth but also cognitive development and the quality of human resources. The prevalence of stunting in Indonesia remains at 19.8% according to the 2024 SSGI, still far from the national target of 14.2% by 2029. Objective: This article aims to review factors associated with the incidence of stunting in infants, including maternal factors, child factors, as well as environmental and socioeconomic factors. Methods: A literature review was conducted by searching for relevant articles in electronic databases (Google Scholar) using the keywords “causes of stunting,” “stunting in infants,” and “risk factors for stunting” in both Indonesian and English. Ten articles were selected based on inclusion criteria: publication dates from 2021 to 2025, discussing factors causing stunting in infants, and being academic journals. The articles were analyzed using a matrix table. Results: Maternal factors (education, nutritional knowledge, and maternal age), child factors (exclusive breastfeeding, nutritional intake, history of infectious diseases, and dietary patterns), as well as environmental and socioeconomic factors (sanitation, family income, parenting practices, and access to health services) were identified as factors associated with the incidence of stunting in infants. Conclusion: Stunting in infants is influenced by a variety of interrelated factors. Recommended prevention programs include improving mothers’ knowledge and education regarding child nutrition, promoting exclusive breastfeeding, routine monitoring of infant growth and development, improving environmental sanitation, and enhancing family economic well-being through community-based intervention programs.


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.35308/jns.v7i1.15116

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