Determinants of Obesity in Elementary School Children: A Literature Review

Abstract

Obesity among elementary school children is a multifactorial nutritional problem that is increasing both globally and in Indonesia. This condition results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, influenced by various factors such as dietary patterns, physical activity, and family and socioeconomic factors. This literature review aims to identify factors associated with the prevalence of obesity among elementary school children. The method used in this study was a literature review. Articles were searched through Google Scholar and PubMed using keywords related to childhood obesity and risk factors. The articles were selected based on inclusion criteria, including publication year (2016-2026), relevance to study variables, and availability of full texts. The analysis involved comparing findings from previous studies regarding dietary patterns, physical activity, family factors, and other determinants associated with obesity among elementary school children. The review findings indicate that unhealthy dietary patterns, such as high consumption of calorie-dense foods, fats, sugars, and fast food, are associated with an increased risk of childhood obesity. Additionally, low levels of physical activity are a significant factor contributing to childhood obesity. Family and socioeconomic factors, including household income, parental education, and knowledge, as well as genetic factors, also contribute to the incidence of childhood obesity. It is concluded that obesity among elementary school children is influenced by unhealthy dietary habits, low levels of physical activity, as well as family and environmental factors. Therefore, preventive efforts are needed through improving dietary habits, increasing physical activity, and strengthening nutrition education involving both families and schools.