Correlation between Sanitation Facilities and Health Outcomes in Indonesia

Lenindo Lenindo; Vid Adrison

Correlation between Sanitation Facilities and Health Outcomes in Indonesia

Lenindo Lenindo, Vid Adrison

Abstract

Poor sanitation is a significant contributor to health problems in developing countries. The improper handling of household waste contaminates soil, surface water, and groundwater, posing health risks to communities through water consumption and exposure. This study utilizes data from the National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas) conducted by the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) from 2016 to 2018 to examine the relationship between sanitation facilities and household health quality in Indonesia, analyzing a sample of 883,845 households. Using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, the findings indicate that households with adequate sanitation facilities generally experience better health outcomes. This study underscores the importance of policy prioritization in establishing communal waste treatment facilities, such as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), particularly in densely populated areas. This approach aims to mitigate the adverse health impacts of domestic waste pollution on public health.

Keywords

Sanitation; Household Health; Waste Processing Facilities; Susenas; Indonesia; OLS; KLA; IPAL; Urban; rural

Full Text:

PDF

References

Aisyah, S., Fadilah, S., Harta, R., Karyana, A., & Enceng. (n.d.). Pengelolaan Bank Sampah Berbasis Masyarakat Sebagai Upaya Menjaga Sanitasi Lingkungan Desa. In Seminar Nasional Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Universitas Terbuka. https://www.maxmanroe.com/vid/um

Al-Mijalli, S. (2017). Bacterial Uropathogens in Urinary Tract Infection and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in Riyadh Hospital, Saudi Arabia. Cell Mol Med, 3:1

Andres, L., Briceno, B., Chase, C., & Echenique, J. A. (2017). Sanitation and externalities: evidence from early childhood health in rural India. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development Vol. 7 No. 2, 272-289.

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2015). Kamus Mikrodata . Retrieved July 2020, from Indonesia - Survesi Sosial Ekonomi Nasional 2015: https://microdata.bps.go.id/mikrodata/index.php/catalog/657/datafile/F2/V231#:~:text=Kloset%20adalah%20tempat%20duduk%2Fjongkok,agar%20bau%20tinja%20tidak%20keluar.

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2016). Potret Awal Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (Sustainable Development Goals) di Indonesia. Badan Pusat Statistik.

Bancalari, A., & Martinez, S. (2017). Exposure to sewage from on-site sanitation and child health: a spatial analysis of linkages and externalities in peri-urban Bolivia. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development Vol. 8 No. 1 , 90-99.

Bartram, J., Lewis, K., Lenton, R., & Wright, A. (2005). Focusing on improved water and sanitation for health. The Lancet Vol. 365 No. 9461, 810-812.

Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis. The Journal of Political Economy Vol. 70 No. 5, 9-49.

Becker, G. S. (2007). Health as human capital: synthesis and extensions. Oxford Economic Papers Vol. 59 No. 3, 379-410.

Blum, H. L. (1974). Evaluating Health Care. Medical Care Vol. 12 No. 12, 999-1011.

CDC. (2023). Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI). Acessed in September 2023 from https://www.cdc.gov/hai/ca_uti/uti.html.

Checkley, W., Gilman, R. H., Black, R. E., Epstein, L. D., Cabrera, L., Sterling, C. R., et al. (2004). Effect of water and sanitation on childhood health in poor Peruvian peri-urban community. The Lancet Vol. 363 No. 9403, 112-118.

Coffey, D., Gupta, A., Spears, D., Kurana, N., Nikhil Srivastav, P. H., & Vyas, S. (2014). Revealed preferences for open defecation. Economic and Political Weekly Vol. 49 No. 38, 43-55.

Daniel, M. et al. (2023) Epidemiology and Risk Factors of UTIs in Children—A Single-Center Observation. J Pers Med 13.

Daniels, D. L., Cousens, S. N., Makoae, L. N., & Feachem, R. (1990). A case-control study of the impact of improved sanitation on diarrhoea morbidity in Lesotho. Bulletin of the World Health Organization Vol. 68 No. 4, 455-463.

Datta, R., Mehta, M. & Barros, BS. (2018). Effect of 5-Day Nitrofurantoin vs Single-Dose Fosfomycin on Clinical Resolution of Uncomplicated Lower Urinary Tract Infection in WomenA Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 319, 1781–1789.

Davies, PE; Daley, MJ; Hecht, J; Hobbs, A; Burger, C; Watkins, L; Murray, T; Shea, K; Ali, S; Brown, LH; Coopwood, TB; Brown, CVR. (2018). Effectiveness of a bundled approach to reduce urinary catheters and infection rates in trauma patients. Am J Infect Control 46, 758–763.

Duflo, E., Greenstone, M., Guiteras, R., & Clasen, T. (2015). Toilets can work: short and medium run health impacts of addressing complementaries and externalities in water and sanitation. National Bureau of Economic Research (Working Paper No. w21521).

Esrey, S. A., Potash, J. B., Roberts, L., & Shiff, C. (1991). Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Bulletin of the World Health Organization Vol. 69 No. 5, 609-621.

Ferraro, K. F. (1980). Self Ratings of health among the Old and the Old-old. Journal of Health and Social Behavior Vol. 21 No. 4, 377-383.

Flores-Mireles, A. L., Walker, J. N., Caparon, M. & Hultgren, S. J.(2015). Urinary tract infections: Epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nature Reviews Microbiology vol. 13 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3432.

Fogel, R. W. (1994). Economic Growth, Population Theory, and Philosophy:the Bearing of Long-Term Processes on the Making of Economic Policy. American Economic Review Vol. 84 No. 3, 369-395.

Foxman (2014). Urinary Tract Infection Syndromes Occurrence, Recurrence, Bacteriology, Risk Factors, and Disease Burden. Infect Dis Clin N Am 2, 1–13.

Harris, SK; Mitchell, EL; Lasarev, MR; Attia, F; Hunter, JG; Sheppard, B.(2017). Effect of a hospital-associated urinary tract infection reduction policy on general surgery patients. The American Journal of Surgery xxx.

Jabrodini, A., Heidari, F., Taghavi, S. & Shoukouh, M.(2018). The Investigation of Frequency and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated From Urinary Tract Infection in Outpatients Referred to Amiralmomenin Ali Hospital in Gerash City in 2017: A Short Report.

Jagtap, S., Harikumar, S., Vinayagamoorthy, V., Mukhopadhyay, S. & Dongre, A. (2022). Comprehensive assessment of holding urine as a behavioral risk factor for UTI in women and reasons for delayed voiding. BMC Infect Dis 22.

Kang, CI; Kim, J; Park, DW; Kim, BN; Ha, US; Lee, SJ; Yeo, JK; Min, SK Lee, H and Wie, SH. (2018). Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Antibiotic Treatment of Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections. Infect Chemother 50, 67–100.

Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat. (2016). Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Nomor 27/PRT/M/2016 Tentang Penyelenggaraan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum.

Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat. (2017). Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Nomor 04/PRT/M/2017 Tentang Penyelenggaraan Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik. Indonesia: Kementerian PUPR Republik Indonesia.

Konkel, L. & Patham, B.(2018). Causes and Risk Factors of UTIs. Acessed in September 2023 from https://www.everydayhealth.com/urinary-tract-infection/causes-and-risk-factors-of-utis.

Murray, A., & Drechsel, P. (2011). Why do some wastewater treatment facilities work when the majority fail? Case study from the sanitation sector in Ghana. Waterlines Vol. 30 No. 2, 135-149.

Nicolle, L.(2014). Catheter associated urinary tract infections. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control. 23.

Osakwe, Z. T., Larson, E. & Shang, J. (2019). Urinary tract infection-related hospitalization among older adults receiving home health care. Am J Infect Control 47.

Palamuleni, L. G. (2002). Effect of sanitation facilities, domestic solid waste disposal and hygiene practices on water quality in Malawi's urban poor areas: a case study of South Lunzu Township in the city of Blantyre. Physics and Chemistry of Earth Vol.27, 845-850.

Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in Human Capital. The American Economic Review Vol. 51 No. 1, 1-17.

U.N. Water. (2018). Sustainable Development Goal 6: Synthesis Report on Water and Sanitation. New York: United Nations.

United Nations/World Water Assessment Programme. (2003). UN World Water Development Report: water for people, water for life. Paris, New York, and Oxford: UNESCO and Berghahn Books.

Vlahov, D., Freudenberg, N., Proietti, F., Ompad, D., Quinn, A., Nandi, V., et al. (2007). Urban as a Determinant of Health. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine Vol. 84 No. 1, 16-24.

White, G., Bradley, D., & White, A. (2002). Drawers of water: domestic water use in East Africa. Bulletin of the World Health Organization Vol. 80, 63-73.

Wibowo, D., & Tisdell, C. (1993). Health, safe water and sanitation: a cross-sectional health production function for Central Java, Indonesia. Bulletin of World Health Organization Vol. 71 No. 2, 237-245.